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Project guidelines 1.1 Project structure New projects should follow the Android Gradle project structure that is defined on the. The project is a good reference to start from. 1.2 File naming 1.2.1 Class files Class names are written in. Join us as we take a look at Android's design guidelines and what they mean for both developers and Android users alike. There’s a lingering stigma that Android applications are designed for.
Welcome to the Android developer guides. The documents listed in the left navigation teach you how to build Android apps using APIs in the Android framework and other libraries.
If you're brand new to Android and want to jump into code, start with the tutorial. And check out these other resources to learn Android development:.: Short, self-paced tutorials that each cover a discrete topic. Most codelabs step you through the process of building a small app, or adding a new feature to an existing app.: Guided training paths that teach you how to build Android apps.
Online training: If you prefer to learn online with videos, check out the course on Udacity (trailer embedded here), and other. Otherwise, the following is a small selection of essential developer guides that you should be familiar with.
Best practices in Android development Avoid reinventing the wheel by following these guidelines. Lessons learned from Android developers in. If you are interested in iOS or Windows Phone development, be sure to check also our and documents. Summary Android SDK Place your somewhere in your home directory or some other application-independent location.
Some distributions of IDEs include the SDK when installed, and may place it under the same directory as the IDE. This can be bad when you need to upgrade (or reinstall) the IDE, as you may lose your SDK installation, forcing a long and tedious redownload. Also avoid putting the SDK in a system-level directory that might need root permissions, to avoid permissions issues.
Build system Your default option should be using the. It is important that your application's build process is defined by your Gradle files, rather than being reliant on IDE specific configurations. This allows for consistent builds between tools and better support for continuous integration systems. Project structure Although Gradle offers a large degree of flexibility in your project structure, unless you have a compelling reason to do otherwise, you should accept its as this simplify your build scripts. Gradle configuration General structure. MinSdkVersion: 21 We recommend to have a look at the before defining the minimum API required. Remember that the statistics given are global statistics and may differ when targeting a specific regional/demographic market.
It is worth mentioning that some material design features are only available on Android 5.0 (API level 21) and above. And also, from API 21, the multidex support library is not needed anymore. Instead of (shell, Python, Perl, etc) scripts, you can make tasks in Gradle. Just follow for more details. Google also provides some helpful, specific to Android. In your app's build.gradle you will need to define the signingConfigs for the release build. Here is what you should avoid: Don't do this.
This would appear in the version control system. As a rule of thumb, attributes android:layout. should be defined in the layout XML, while other attributes android:. should stay in a style XML.
This rule has exceptions, but in general works fine. The idea is to keep only layout (positioning, margin, sizing) and content attributes in the layout files, while keeping all appearance details (colors, padding, font) in styles files. The exceptions are:. android:id should obviously be in the layout files. android:orientation for a LinearLayout normally makes more sense in layout files. android:text should be in layout files because it defines content.
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Sometimes it will make sense to make a generic style defining android:layoutwidth and android:layoutheight but by default these should appear in the layout files Use styles. Almost every project needs to properly use styles, because it is very common to have a repeated appearance for a view. At least you should have a common style for most text content in the application, for example. You probably will need to do the same for buttons, but don't stop there yet.
Go beyond and move a group of related and repeated android:. attributes to a common style. Split a large style file into other files. You don't need to have a single styles.xml file. Android SDK supports other files out of the box, there is nothing magical about the name styles, what matters are the XML tags.
styles.xml - defines styles which reference the color palette and reflects the color usage. The button foreground is white).
activitymain.xml - references the appropriate style in styles.xml to color the button. If needed, even further separation between underlying colors and style usage can be achieved by defined an additional color resource file which references the color palette. @color/buttonforeground @color/buttonbackground This approach offers improved color refactoring and more stable style definitions when multiple related styles share similar color and usage properties. However, it comes at the cost of maintaining another set of color mappings.
Treat dimens.xml like colors.xml. You should also define a 'palette' of typical spacing and font sizes, for basically the same purposes as for colors. A good example of a dimens file.
Strings.xml Name your strings with keys that resemble namespaces, and don't be afraid of repeating a value for two or more keys. Languages are complex, so namespaces are necessary to bring context and break ambiguity. Even if you don't witness this explicitly in a layout file, it might end up happening if you are inflating (in Java) views into other views.
A couple of problems may occur. You might experience performance problems, because there is a complex UI tree that the processor needs to handle.
Another more serious issue is a possibility of. Therefore, try to keep your views hierarchy as flat as possible: learn how to use, how to and to use the. Beware of problems related to WebViews. When you must display a web page, for instance for a news article, avoid doing client-side processing to clean the HTML, rather ask for a ' pure' HTML from the backend programmers. When they keep a reference to their Activity, instead of being bound to the ApplicationContext. Avoid using a WebView for simple texts or buttons, prefer the platform's widgets.
Test Frameworks Use for unit testing Plain, Android dependency-free unit testing on the JVM is best done using. Avoid Prior to the improved support for JUnit in the Android build system, Robolectric was promoted as a test framework seeking to provide tests 'disconnected from device' for the sake of development speed. However, testing under Robolectric is inaccurate and incomplete as it works by providing mock implementations of the Android platform, which provides no guarantees of correctness. Instead, use a combination of JVM based unit tests and dedicated on-device integration tests. Makes writing UI tests easy. An AssertJ extension library making assertions easy in Android tests Assert-J comes modules easier for you to test Android specific components, such as the Android Support, Google Play Services and Appcompat libraries. A test assertion will look like.
// Example assertion using AssertJ-Android assertThat(layout).isVisible.isVertical.hasChildCount( 5); Emulators The performance of the Android SDK emulator, particularly the x86 variant, has improvement markedly in recent years and is now adequate for most day-to-day development scenarios. However, you should not discount the value of ensuring your application behaves correctly on real devices. Of course, testing on all possible devices is not practical, so rather focus your efforts on devices with a large market share and those most relevant to your app. Proguard configuration is normally used on Android projects to shrink and obfuscate the packaged code. Whether you are using ProGuard or not depends on your project configuration.
Usually you would configure Gradle to use ProGuard when building a release APK.
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